The radiology of cardiac pacemakers.

Electronic control of the heart rate and rhythm has proven useful in a variety of patients. However, pacemaker technology provides a new source of complications for the patient. Though such complications are primarily the responsibility of the cardiologist and the thoracic surgeon, the radiologist can be helpful in diagnosing a number of complications associated with these devices. Plain film radiology, fluoroscopy, and ultrasound are valuable resources in the management of patients with cardiac pacemakers.