Fath J J, Cerra F B
Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1984 Jan;18(1):14-21. doi: 10.1177/106002808401800101.
Anaphylaxis is an acute, often life-threatening systemic reaction to mediators released by basophils and mast cells. Histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and other mediators are responsible for complex and varied reactions in man. Serious cardiovascular or pulmonary involvement can lead to death within minutes. Therapy depends on prompt recognition of the disease and rapid administration of epinephrine. Even in ideal clinical settings, response to therapy may be slow and a long resuscitation necessary. Antihistamines, glucocorticoids, intravascular volume expansion, sympathomimetics, bronchodilators, and controlled ventilation all may be necessary. Taking careful allergy histories; using enteral routes for drug administration when possible; observing patients, who have received injections for at least 20 minutes; and rapidly treating patients with epinephrine are the main means of reducing the incidence and mortality of this disease.
过敏反应是一种对嗜碱性粒细胞和肥大细胞释放的介质产生的急性、通常危及生命的全身反应。组胺、白三烯、前列腺素和其他介质导致人体出现复杂多样的反应。严重的心血管或肺部受累可在数分钟内导致死亡。治疗取决于对疾病的迅速识别和肾上腺素的快速给药。即使在理想的临床环境中，治疗反应可能也很缓慢，需要长时间的复苏。抗组胺药、糖皮质激素、血管内容量扩充、拟交感神经药、支气管扩张剂和控制通气都可能是必要的。仔细询问过敏史；尽可能采用肠内给药途径；观察接受注射的患者至少20分钟；以及用肾上腺素迅速治疗患者，是降低该病发病率和死亡率的主要手段。
