Cooperativity in highly aggregated enzyme systems. A slow transition model for the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from Escherichia coli.

Three models are compared describing cooperative phenomena in enzymatic reactions in order to explain sigmoidal saturation curves found with the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from Escherichia coli: the concerted model, the sequential model, and the slow transition model. Both the concerted and the sequential model were considered especially with regard to the increasing number of identical interaction subunits (protomers) in order to get close to the situation found with the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex which consists of 24 protomers. Applying the sequential model to a great number of protomers results in a weak increase of the Hill coefficient, while, in addition to this effect, the concerted model drastically shifts the sigmoidal range of the saturation function to very low ligand concentrations. Such shift is seen with saturation curves of pyruvate and thiamine disphosphate with the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and a good fit with theoretical curves derived from the concerted model is obtained. However, subcomplexes with a reduced number of protomers exhibited no change in saturation behavior, thus providing evidence against concerted conformational changes of all subunits of the enzyme complex. A scheme for the initial reaction of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex based on slow transitions is presented and a rate equation has been derived. Ordered binding of thiamine diphosphate and pyruvate and a ligand-induced slow transition between a less active and a fully active enzyme form has been assumed. The curves simulated with this model are in agreement with all essential kinetic data, which are observed with the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: the atypical shape of the saturation curves of pyruvate and thiamine diphosphate, the respective Hill coefficients and Michaelis constants, the hyperbolic binding behavior of thiamine diphosphate, and the inhibition pattern found for acetyl coenzyme A.