Maier S F
Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1984;8(3):435-46.
The degree to which organisms can exert control over events to which they are exposed has a strong impact on behavior and physiological functioning. Effects caused by the uncontrollability of events that are beyond the organism's control rather than by the events per se have been called learned helplessness effects. The present paper reviews such learned helplessness effects. At a behavioral level, uncontrollable aversive events result in associative, motivational, and emotional deficits. At a neurochemical level, uncontrollable but not controllable aversive events have been reported to lead to disturbances in cholinergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and GABAergic systems. However, there are interpretive difficulties in this literature, and these are discussed. The controllability/uncontrollability of aversive events has a role in producing stress-induced analgesia and the activation of endogenous opiate systems. These relationships are reviewed. It is proposed that the learning that aversive events cannot be controlled activates an opiate system. The research reviewed is related to depression, and the general issue of animal models of depression is discussed. It is concluded that no experimental paradigm can be a model of depression in some general sense, but can only model a particular aspect. Learned helplessness may model "stress and coping".
生物体对其所接触事件施加控制的程度，对行为和生理功能有着强烈影响。由超出生物体控制范围的事件的不可控性所引发的效应，而非事件本身所引发的效应，被称为习得性无助效应。本文对这类习得性无助效应进行了综述。在行为层面，不可控的厌恶事件会导致联想、动机和情绪方面的缺陷。在神经化学层面，据报道不可控但可控的厌恶事件会导致胆碱能、去甲肾上腺素能、多巴胺能、5-羟色胺能和γ-氨基丁酸能系统的紊乱。然而，该文献存在一些解释上的困难，并对此进行了讨论。厌恶事件的可控性/不可控性在产生应激诱导的镇痛和内源性阿片系统的激活中发挥作用。对这些关系进行了综述。有人提出，对厌恶事件无法控制的学习会激活阿片系统。所综述的研究与抑郁症相关，并对抑郁症动物模型的一般问题进行了讨论。得出的结论是，没有任何实验范式能在某种普遍意义上成为抑郁症的模型，而只能模拟其特定方面。习得性无助可能模拟“应激与应对”。
