Gans C, Pyles R
Respir Physiol. 1983 Aug;53(2):215-23. doi: 10.1016/0034-5687(83)90068-3.
Narial closure in frogs never involves intrinsic narial muscles; rather it is effected by action of the M. submentalis, a muscle of the lower jaw. None of more than 40 species of frogs examined showed any strained muscles in the snout, anterior to the eyes. Direct stimulation of all the relevant muscles, as well as electromyography with simultaneous measurement of air flow at the nostrils, confirms Gaupp's hypothesis that the muscular displacement of the M. submentalis is transmitted via bones and cartilages of the snout to close the nares.
青蛙的鼻孔闭合从不涉及内在的鼻孔肌肉；相反，它是由下颌肌肉颏下肌的作用实现的。在检查的40多种青蛙中，没有一种在眼睛前方的吻部表现出任何肌肉紧张。对所有相关肌肉的直接刺激，以及在测量鼻孔气流的同时进行肌电图检查，证实了高普的假设，即颏下肌的肌肉移位是通过吻部的骨骼和软骨传递来闭合鼻孔的。
