Holmberg T, Reiland S
Acta Vet Scand. 1984;25(1):113-27. doi: 10.1186/BF03547285.
The hocks of tied cows of a Swedish dairy herd of different breeds were radiographed. Osteoarthrosis of the arthrodial joints (spavin) was found in 37 % of the animals. Changes were seen before the cows were 2 years old, and they increased in severity with increasing age. Macroscopic and histologic examination revealed that there was osteoarthrosis also in many radiologically normal hocks. The study shows that the frequency of spavin in tied dairy cows is higher than clinical signs indicate. Apparently only cows with fusion of the arthrodial joints show the stiff hind leg movements considered typical of spavin. Differences in the incidence of spavin were found between the different breeds. Cows of the Swedish Friesian breed had the lowest (20%) and cows of the Jersey breed had the highest (50%) incidence of spavin. However, as regards the Jersey breed this was due to the high incidence (71%) found in cows raised on a high intensity feeding during the young stock period. Among the SJB cows raised on a normal intensity feeding the incidence of spavin was 25 Such a relationship between high young stock feeding intensity and the incidence of spavin was not seen within the other breeds. The cows in another herd with loose housing had a lower frequency of spavin than the tied cows. Offspring of animals with spavin had a higher incidence of spavin than the offspring of animals without spavin.
对瑞典一个不同品种奶牛场中系留奶牛的跗关节进行了X光检查。在37%的动物中发现了关节性关节炎（跗关节病）。在奶牛2岁之前就观察到了变化，并且随着年龄增长，病情严重程度增加。宏观和组织学检查显示，许多X光检查正常的跗关节也存在骨关节炎。该研究表明，系留奶牛跗关节病的发生率高于临床症状所显示的情况。显然，只有关节融合的奶牛才会表现出被认为是跗关节病典型特征的后腿僵硬运动。不同品种之间跗关节病的发生率存在差异。瑞典弗里斯兰品种的奶牛发生率最低（20%），泽西品种的奶牛发生率最高（50%）。然而，就泽西品种而言，这是由于在幼畜期高强度饲养的奶牛中发生率很高（71%）。在正常强度饲养的SJB奶牛中，跗关节病的发生率为25%。在其他品种中未观察到幼畜饲养强度高与跗关节病发生率之间的这种关系。另一个采用散养方式的牛群中的奶牛跗关节病发生率低于系留奶牛。患有跗关节病的动物的后代比没有跗关节病的动物的后代跗关节病发生率更高。
