Light T R, Ogden D A, Ogden J A
Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984 Sep(188):103-11.
On the basis of several human and animal specimens, torus (bone-expanding) fractures appear to be a combination of plastic deformation and complete fracture of the cortex in the transition area of woven-fibered metaphyseal bone to lamellar (osteon) diaphyseal bone. The cortex in this region of susceptibility undergoes an abrupt transition from relative porosity to increased density. The changes in the biomechanic characteristics in the transition region may predispose to local failure, while micro- and macrostructure dictate that the pattern of failure will be torus deformation rather than a complete transverse fracture.
基于多例人类和动物标本，骨隆凸（骨质扩张）骨折似乎是编织纤维状干骺端骨向板层（骨单位）骨干骨过渡区域皮质的塑性变形和完全骨折的组合。该易损区域的皮质从相对疏松突然过渡到密度增加。过渡区域生物力学特性的变化可能易导致局部破坏，而微观和宏观结构决定破坏模式将是骨隆凸变形而非完全横向骨折。
