Chronic indwelling bladder catheterization.

Chronic bladder catheterization is the treatment of last resort for incontinence. Urinary infection is a normal state in these patients. It should be treated only when there are signs of systemic illness. Accumulations of encrusted debris cause urinary leakage. This problem can be lessened by using silicone catheters and acidifying the urine. Urethritis is common, but catheters made of certain materials can reduce its severity. Bladder spasm can be treated pharmacologically.