The progress of reconstructive venous surgery in recent years has been mainly based on the use of changed operative techniques (atraumatic preparation and suture technique; intraoperative vascular endoscopy or venography; temporary arteriovenous fistula). As a result, the clinical indications could be remarkably increased (acute phlebothrombosis; some types of post-thrombotic syndrome; venous substitution in tumor surgery; vascular lesions). 2. A peripheral temporary arteriovenous-fistula proves the most effective protective method both in venous thrombectomy and in graft reconstruction (full lumen restoration also in cases with incomplete disobliteration due to increase of flow velocity and flow volume; improvement of graft patency). 3. In long-standing axillar or subclavian venous thrombosis, a distal arteriovenous fistula (similar to a Cimino shunt) has a curative effect (without venous thrombectomy) via stimulation of rapid recanalisation and formation of collateral pathways. 4. Persisting central venous blocks may be corrected by a bypass procedure (great saphenous vein graft for the shoulder region; expanded PTFE grafts (Gore-Tex) for the ilio-caval segment).
