Wallgren E I, Landtman B, Rapola J
Eur J Cardiol. 1978 Mar;7(1):15-24.
The incidence of significant extracardiac malformations was determined in a combined clinical and autopsy study comprising 1000 infants and children with congenital heart disease treated and lost at the Children's Hospital in Helsinki. There were 567 boys and 433 girls. 1/4 of the children had a birthweight of 2500 g or less. 850 children were under 1 yr old. Death occurred during the 1st mth of life in 546 cases. Extracardiac malformations were encountered in 439 children. They were more common in girls than in boys. The incidence of associated malformations was comparatively high in infants with a low birthweight. The noncardiac anomalies were considered main causes of death in 1/3 of the cases. Extracardiac organs were involved in the following order of frequency: alimentary, skeletal, urogenital, central nervous and respiratory system. Of the main cardiac malformations, septal defects were associated with the highest and transposition of the great arteries with the lowest incidence of extracardiac anomalies. An accumulation of some defined noncardiac malformations was observed in patients with certain heart lesions.
在一项综合临床与尸检研究中，对赫尔辛基儿童医院治疗及失访的1000例先天性心脏病婴幼儿和儿童进行了重大心外畸形发病率的测定。其中有567名男孩和433名女孩。1/4的儿童出生体重为2500克或更低。850名儿童年龄在1岁以下。546例在出生后第1个月内死亡。439名儿童存在心外畸形。女孩的心外畸形比男孩更常见。低出生体重婴儿中相关畸形的发生率相对较高。在1/3的病例中，非心脏异常被认为是主要死因。心外器官受累的频率依次为：消化系统、骨骼系统、泌尿生殖系统、中枢神经系统和呼吸系统。在主要心脏畸形中，室间隔缺损的心外畸形发生率最高，大动脉转位的心外畸形发生率最低。在某些心脏病变患者中观察到一些特定非心脏畸形的聚集现象。
