Hinderer U T
Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir. 1984 Sep;16(3):145-50.
The motivations of aesthetic operations for achievement of a more harmonious appearance or for treatment of the external signs of aging are, besides purely aesthetic reasons, the desire to increase professional opportunities, to better adapt to the social environment or to improve affective relations. Aesthetic surgery has therefore a mainly psychic indication: the aim is to improve the self-esteem, which, on the other hand facilitates the social integration. A responsible execution of aesthetic surgery requires, besides a basic knowledge of psychology and sensitivity for aesthetics, a complete training in general surgery and in reconstructive plastic surgery as well as a continuing education in the aesthetic field. It is therefore not advisable to divide the specialty of plastic surgery. The advancements in both fields have a mutual positive influence and both have to consider function as well as appearance, although with different emphasis. The adequate treatment of eventual complications also requires a basic knowledge in both fields. The intensive advertising made by commercial, so-called "cosmetic clinics" is in contrast to the plastic surgeon's possibilities of public relations, restricted for ethical considerations. Undoubtedly it is not sufficient, at least on a medium-term basis, to achieve better results--in benefit of the patient--unless this is also made known to the public. The necessary information of the public should therefore be taken over or be directed by the National Societies of Plastic Surgery, on an anonymous basis.
美容手术的动机，除了纯粹的美学原因外，是为了获得更和谐的外表或治疗衰老的外在迹象，还包括增加职业机会、更好地适应社会环境或改善情感关系的愿望。因此，美容手术主要有心理方面的指征：目的是提高自尊，而这反过来又有助于社会融入。负责任地实施美容手术，除了需要心理学基础知识和美学敏感度外，还需要普通外科和整形重建外科的全面培训以及美容领域的继续教育。因此，将整形外科专业分割开来是不可取的。这两个领域的进展相互产生积极影响，并且都必须考虑功能和外观，尽管侧重点不同。对最终并发症的适当处理也需要这两个领域的基础知识。商业性的所谓“美容诊所”进行的密集广告宣传，与整形外科医生出于伦理考虑而受到限制的公关可能性形成对比。毫无疑问，至少从中期来看，要取得更好的效果——为了患者的利益——是不够的，除非公众也了解到这一点。因此，公众所需的信息应由国家整形外科协会以匿名方式接管或指导。
