Akhtar S
Am J Psychiatry. 1984 Nov;141(11):1381-5. doi: 10.1176/ajp.141.11.1381.
The author delineates the syndrome of identity diffusion as consisting of six clinical features: 1) contradictory character traits, 2) temporal discontinuity in the self, 3) lack of authenticity, 4) feelings of emptiness, 5) gender dysphoria, and 6) inordinate ethnic and moral relativism. This syndrome implies severe character pathology and is distinct from adolescent identity crisis. The conceptualization has a significant bearing on the differential diagnosis and psychotherapy of personality disorders.
1）矛盾的性格特征，2）自我的时间间断性，3）缺乏真实性，4）空虚感，5）性别焦虑，以及6）过度的种族和道德相对主义。这种综合征意味着严重的性格病理学，且有别于青少年身份认同危机。这一概念化对人格障碍的鉴别诊断和心理治疗具有重要意义。
