Gupta R C
J Toxicol Environ Health. 1984;14(2-3):291-303. doi: 10.1080/15287398409530581.
Oral administration of malathion (MTH) in sublethal (100 mg/kg) or minimal lethal (125 mg/kg) doses in buffalo calves produced toxicity with an onset within 15-20 min and peak effects including severe tremors and convulsions within 40-60 min. Various antidotal drugs were administered alone or in combination at the time of peak malathion toxicity (within 1 h) and were assessed for their ability to alleviate signs of cholinergic toxicity. Blood cholinesterase and aminotransferases activities were monitored at various times. A combination of atropine sulfate (0.5 mg/kg, 1/4 iv and 3/4 im) and pyridine 2-aldoxime methiodide (2-PAM, 20 mg/kg, iv) reversed the clinical evidence of malathion toxicity within 15 min. The combination of atropine sulfate and diazepam (0.75 mg/kg, iv) prevented death and cholinergic signs of toxicity except for weak muscular fasciculations, which persisted for 30-60 min. Atropine sulfate alone was less effective and also did not reverse malathion-induced biochemical changes. In contrast, administration of either 2-PAM (10-30 mg/kg, iv) or diazepam (0.5-1.0 mg/kg, iv) alone accentuated malathion toxicity. Thus, the combination of atropine sulfate and 2-PAM was the most effective antidotal treatment in acute malathion toxicity.
给水牛犊口服亚致死剂量（100毫克/千克）或最小致死剂量（125毫克/千克）的马拉硫磷（MTH）会产生毒性，在15至20分钟内开始出现中毒症状，40至60分钟内达到峰值效应，包括严重震颤和惊厥。在马拉硫磷毒性峰值（1小时内）时单独或联合使用各种解毒药物，并评估它们缓解胆碱能毒性症状的能力。在不同时间监测血液胆碱酯酶和转氨酶活性。硫酸阿托品（0.5毫克/千克，1/4静脉注射，3/4肌肉注射）和氯解磷定（2-PAM，20毫克/千克，静脉注射）联合使用可在15分钟内逆转马拉硫磷中毒的临床症状。硫酸阿托品和地西泮（0.75毫克/千克，静脉注射）联合使用可预防死亡和胆碱能毒性症状，但微弱的肌肉束颤持续30至60分钟。单独使用硫酸阿托品效果较差，也不能逆转马拉硫磷引起的生化变化。相比之下，单独使用2-PAM（10至30毫克/千克，静脉注射）或地西泮（0.5至1.0毫克/千克，静脉注射）会加重马拉硫磷的毒性。因此，硫酸阿托品和2-PAM联合使用是急性马拉硫磷中毒最有效的解毒治疗方法。
