Ochinskaia E I
Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1984 Nov-Dec;34(6):1116-21.
Grouped carps as well as isolated fishes were shown to be uncapable to extrapolate the direction of movement of an alimentary stimulus after its disappearance from the visual field. Differences in behaviour of isolated fishes and grouped ones as well as those between the groups of different size and composition were revealed in repeated performance of the same extrapolation task. Groups of six fishes exhibited higher behavioural plasticity in comparison to isolated fishes and groups of two unlearned animals: in the former orienting-exploratory activity was higher and the process of learning more stable. At minimal group size (two animals) learning was accelerated only in the case if one of the fishes had been previously learned. Some decrease in efficiency of task solving was observed in a learned fish after its grouping with unlearned one.
研究表明，无论是成群的鲤鱼还是单独的鱼，在食物刺激从视野中消失后，都无法推断其运动方向。在重复进行相同的推断任务时，发现单独的鱼和成群的鱼之间以及不同大小和组成的鱼群之间存在行为差异。与单独的鱼和由两只未学习过的动物组成的鱼群相比，由六条鱼组成的鱼群表现出更高的行为可塑性：前者的定向探索活动更高，学习过程更稳定。在最小群体规模（两只动物）下，只有当其中一条鱼之前已经学习过时，学习才会加速。一条已学习过的鱼与未学习过的鱼分组后，任务解决效率会有所下降。
