Kopp J, Manteuffel G
Brain Behav Evol. 1984;25(4):187-96. doi: 10.1159/000118864.
The horizontal optokinetic head nystagmus of salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) was investigated at various constant and sinusoidally modulated velocities. With constant velocities the best compensation (head velocity/stimulus velocity) measured was 0.6 at a stimulus velocity of 3 deg/s. With slow stimuli up to 5 deg/s, small oscillations in the slow phase of the nystagmus occurred. The nystagmus started with a delay of 1.1 s after onset of stimulus with an acceleration period of up to 6 s. After the stimulus terminated, the head was decelerated within (on average) 5 s, indicating a weak velocity storage element. The nystagmus frequency, the acceleration time, and the deceleration time were in correlation with the head velocity during the slow phase. With sinusoidal stimuli, nonlinearities were displayed: the gain was amplitude-dependent, and distortions of the sinusoidal head movements occurred with higher frequencies.
研究了蝾螈（真螈）在各种恒定速度和正弦调制速度下的水平视动性眼球震颤。在恒定速度下，当刺激速度为3度/秒时，测得的最佳补偿（头部速度/刺激速度）为0.6。对于高达5度/秒的缓慢刺激，眼球震颤慢相出现小振荡。眼球震颤在刺激开始后延迟1.1秒开始，加速期长达6秒。刺激终止后，头部在（平均）5秒内减速，表明速度存储元件较弱。眼球震颤频率、加速时间和减速时间与慢相期间的头部速度相关。在正弦刺激下，表现出非线性：增益与振幅有关，并且在较高频率下会出现正弦头部运动的失真。
