Gressel J
Ciba Found Symp. 1984;102:73-93. doi: 10.1002/9780470720837.ch6.
The first generation of species-selective phenoxy herbicides went into use at the same time as modern antibiotics, chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides and new fungicides and rodenticides. No resistance has appeared to the still widely used phenoxy herbicides. However, resistance has developed, in many isolated areas around the world, to s-triazine herbicides and, in a few small areas, to bipyridillium herbicides. The parameters of population genetics that govern herbicide resistance and those that govern resistance of microorganisms and fungi to other xenobiotics are the same: generations, selection pressure and fitness. Even though generation times are longer with plants, a sufficient number has passed for resistance to be apparent. The only special factor that controls the development of herbicide resistance in weeds is the spaced germination of seed throughout many seasons. The reason that resistance has not developed to the phenoxy herbicides is probably because of a low effective selection pressure; germination of susceptible seeds occurs late in the season after the herbicide is biodegraded. The highly persistent triazines, and the monthly used, highly ephemeral bipyridillium, paraquat, have exerted much stronger selection pressures. Different modes of tolerance and resistance seem to have evolved in the same species. Crop and herbicide rotation can considerably delay the possibility of resistance development until it is effectively precluded.
第一代具有物种选择性的苯氧基除草剂与现代抗生素、氯代烃杀虫剂以及新型杀菌剂和灭鼠剂同时投入使用。目前仍被广泛使用的苯氧基除草剂尚未出现抗性。然而，在世界上许多孤立地区，杂草对三嗪类除草剂产生了抗性，在少数小区域，杂草对联吡啶类除草剂产生了抗性。控制除草剂抗性的群体遗传学参数与控制微生物和真菌对其他外来化合物抗性的参数相同：世代、选择压力和适合度。尽管植物的世代时间较长，但已经历了足够多的世代，抗性得以显现。控制杂草中除草剂抗性发展的唯一特殊因素是种子在多个季节中的间隔萌发。杂草对苯氧基除草剂未产生抗性的原因可能是有效选择压力较低；易感种子在除草剂生物降解后的季节后期才萌发。高持久性的三嗪类除草剂，以及每月使用的、高短暂性的联吡啶类除草剂百草枯，施加了更强的选择压力。同一物种似乎进化出了不同的耐受和抗性模式。作物与除草剂轮作可以大大推迟抗性发展的可能性，直至有效防止抗性的产生。
