Causes of cine image quality deterioration in cardiac catheterization laboratories.

Deterioration of cineangiographic image quality can result from malfunctions or technical errors at a number of points along the cine imaging chain: generator and automatic brightness control, x-ray tube, x-ray beam geometry, image intensifier, optics, cine camera, cine film, film processing, and cine projector. Such malfunctions or errors can result in loss of image contrast, loss of spatial resolution, improper control of film optical density (brightness), or some combination thereof. While the electronic and photographic technology involved is complex, physicians who perform cardiac catheterization should be conversant with the problems and what can be done to solve them. Catheterization laboratory personnel have control over a number of factors that directly affect image quality, including radiation dose rate per cine frame, kilovoltage or pulse width (depending on type of automatic brightness control), cine run time, selection of small or large focal spot, proper object-intensifier distance and beam collimation, aperture of the cine camera lens, selection of cine film, processing temperature, processing immersion time, and selection of developer.