Gould N
Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1983 Dec(181):37-45.
Pes planus and hyperpronation of the hindfoot and midfoot are differentiated, and the numerous methods available for the clinical evaluation of both (including their norms) in the adult are presented. Pedotopography, a moiré fringe technique, is currently used in the clinical evaluation, along with "eyeball" visualization, tape measurement, ink mats, and roentgenography. Static deformities of the lower limbs and their joints are frequently responsible for manifestations of hyperpronation in the feet. Trauma and disease to bone, joints, or tendons in the region of the hindfoot or ankle can result in spastic pes planus with hyperpronation. Hyperpronation (excessive medial rotation of the talus) may exist without pes planus, but pes planus rarely is present without some degree of hyperpronation.
扁平足与后足和中足过度内旋相区分，并介绍了成人中用于两者临床评估的众多方法（包括其标准）。目前，一种云纹条纹技术——足印图法，与“肉眼”观察、卷尺测量、墨垫和X线摄影一起用于临床评估。下肢及其关节的静态畸形常常导致足部过度内旋的表现。后足或踝关节区域的骨骼、关节或肌腱的创伤和疾病可导致伴有过度内旋的痉挛性扁平足。可能存在过度内旋（距骨过度内旋）而无扁平足，但扁平足很少在没有一定程度过度内旋的情况下出现。
