Albers P H
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 1978 May;19(5):624-30. doi: 10.1007/BF01685849.
Artificially incubated mallard eggs were treated externally with 5 microliter of No. 2 fuel oil or 5 microliter of Southern Louisiana crude oil at various times during the incubation period. Embryos were most sensitive to petroleum during the first 10 days of incubation. Southern Louisiana crude oil was more toxic to mallard embryos than No. 2 fuel oil. Hatching weights of ducklings from treated eggs were usually not different from hatching weights of control ducklings. Petroleum may cause bill abnormalities among embryos exposed to a lethal amount of oil early in incubation, but few external malformations of any kind were observed among survivors of the oil exposure. The breeding effort of colonial aquatic birds would be in the greatest danger from oil contamination when a large portion of the birds are in the early stages of incubation.
在孵化期的不同时间，对人工孵化的野鸭蛋外部用5微升2号燃料油或5微升南路易斯安那原油进行处理。胚胎在孵化的前10天对石油最为敏感。南路易斯安那原油对野鸭胚胎的毒性比2号燃料油更大。经处理的蛋孵出的小鸭的孵化重量通常与对照小鸭的孵化重量没有差异。石油可能会导致在孵化早期接触致死量油的胚胎出现喙部异常，但在接触油的幸存者中几乎未观察到任何类型的外部畸形。当很大一部分鸟类处于孵化早期时，殖民地水鸟的繁殖活动将面临来自油污的最大危险。
