Regional cancer chemotherapy.

Regional cancer chemotherapy is a means of exploiting dose-response effects by delivering more drug to regionally confined tumors. Regional chemotherapy can be divided into two major categories, third-space (cerebrospinal, peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial fluid) and intra-arterial treatments. Interest in regional chemotherapy has risen recently for a variety of reasons, including evidence for significantly higher response rates compared to systemic therapies. The applicable pharmacokinetic principles for drug selection have been defined and indicate that regional drug exposure advantage is directly proportional to total-body drug clearance and is inversely proportional to rate of egress from a third-space or to regional blood flow. Reliable drug delivery to the entire region in question is important. The recently introduced totally implanted devices (pumps and ports) make regional therapy more reliable, safe, and convenient. In addition, nuclear medicine scanning techniques have proven useful in assessing drug distribution with regional delivery. Regional therapy may control regional tumor, but extraregional failure may ensue. However, when regional therapy is regionally selective in its toxic effects, systemic therapy may be combined in full doses. Future efforts will need to focus on the development of more potent regional therapies, alone and in combination with systemic therapies, as well as on the validation of such treatments through controlled clinical trials.