Dowden R V, Dinner M I
Clin Plast Surg. 1984 Apr;11(2):265-75.
The development of reliable flaps has made breast reconstruction possible for virtually any patient who has had a mastectomy. However, most breast reconstructions are performed with implants, without flaps. The authors give examples of the use of implants alone without flaps, in situations usually thought to require flaps.