Alterations of the surface tegument of Opisthorchis viverrini exposed to praziquantel in vitro and in vivo.

The in vitro and in vivo effects of praziquantel on the ultrastructural surface of Opisthorchis viverrini were investigated using scanning electronmicroscopy. For the in vitro study, adult flukes were collected from experimentally infected hamsters, and were incubated for various time intervals at 37 degrees C in Earle's basal medium containing praziquantel at final concentrations of 0.01-100 micrograms/ml. For the in vivo study, flukes were collected from the biliary system of experimentally infected hamsters that had been treated 4 hours previously with 350 mg of praziquantel per kg body weight (mg/kg). Flukes were also obtained from the feces of a patient with opisthorchiasis who had been given praziquantel once at a dose of 40 mg/kg 4-6 hours previously and from the bile of a patient at the time of operation 24 hours after praziquantel treatment. Scanning electronmicroscopic analyses of the surface teguments of flukes exposed to praziquantel either in vitro or in vivo showed similar changes. Tegumental bubbles of different sizes appeared on the surface; they later ruptured and resulted in the formation of crater-like lesions. These lesions might be so extensive as to result in the peeling of the entire areas. On occasions, "micronodules" appeared later in these areas and those at the periphery of the lesions; these micronodules may represent an attempt by the worm to regenerate new tegument. The possibility that these ultrastructural changes may represent a generalized response of the tegumental surface to an obnoxious agent was discussed.