Pindborg J J
Int Dent J. 1982 Jun;32(2):123-34.
The aetiological factors in enamel defects of a non-fluoride nature can be divided into systemic and local. The systemic factors comprise a variety of conditions: genetically determined, chromosomal anomalies, congenital defects, inborn errors of metabolism, neonatal disturbances, infectious diseases, neurological disturbances, endocrinopathies, nutritional deficiencies, nephropathies, enteropathies, liver diseases and intoxications. The genetically determined enamel defects include amelogenesis imperfecta, which may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as part of other disorders such as epidermolysis bullosa, pseudohypoparathyroidism and taurodontism. The congenital defects include heart disorders and unilateral facial hypoplasia and hypertrophy. Among the inborn errors of metabolism are: galactosaemia, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, erythropoietic porphyria and primary hyperoxaluria. Neonatal disturbances are important in the development of enamel hypoplasia, foremost among these are premature birth and hypocalcaemia. The latter causes postnatal hypoplasias, which, however, are never seen in breast-fed children. Haemolytic anaemia, mostly in conjunction with erythroblastosis foetalis, may cause enamel hypoplasia. In children with neurological disturbances a rather large number have enamel hypoplasias, and these changes may be a significant aid in neurological diagnosis. When the tetracyclines were introduced, many children had these drugs prescribed in the period when the teeth were undergoing mineralization. The result was a yellow-brown stain of the affected teeth. In recent years, however, there appears to have been a reduction in the incidence of tetracycline staining. As for local causes the most important are traumatic injuries and periapical osteitis of primary teeth.
非氟性釉质发育不全的病因可分为全身性和局部性。全身性因素包括多种情况：遗传决定因素、染色体异常、先天性缺陷、先天性代谢缺陷、新生儿疾病、传染病、神经功能紊乱、内分泌疾病、营养缺乏、肾病、肠道疾病、肝脏疾病和中毒。遗传决定的釉质发育不全包括釉质形成不全，其可能作为一种孤立现象出现，也可能是其他疾病（如大疱性表皮松解症、假性甲状旁腺功能减退症和牛牙症）的一部分。先天性缺陷包括心脏疾病和单侧面部发育不全及肥大。先天性代谢缺陷包括：半乳糖血症、苯丙酮尿症、尿黑酸尿症、红细胞生成性卟啉病和原发性高草酸尿症。新生儿疾病在釉质发育不全的发生中很重要，其中最主要的是早产和低钙血症。后者会导致出生后的釉质发育不全，然而，母乳喂养的儿童中从未见过这种情况。溶血性贫血，主要与胎儿成红细胞增多症相关，可能导致釉质发育不全。在患有神经功能紊乱的儿童中，相当一部分有釉质发育不全，这些变化可能对神经诊断有重要帮助。四环素问世后，许多儿童在牙齿矿化期间服用了这些药物。结果是受影响的牙齿出现黄棕色染色。然而，近年来，四环素染色的发生率似乎有所下降。至于局部原因，最重要的是乳牙的外伤和根尖周炎。
