[tRNA adaptation and the optimization of translation].

The intracellular level of each tRNA species is adjusted to the codon frequency of the mRNA being decoded. This was first observed in such highly differentiated cells as the silk gland of Bombyx mori, which produces fibroin and sericin, and the rabbit reticulocyte. tRNA adaptation also occurs in other cell types from E. coli to mammalian cells. Regardless of the mechanism regulating tRNA biosynthesis, we believe that tRNA adaptation is the basic step optimizing chain elongation at the ribosomal level. We propose the system of trial and error as a working model for the ribosome. This model clarifies the correlations between iso-accepting tRNA levels and codon frequencies, as well as the effect of tRNA pool balance on mean elongation rate and non-uniform individual elongation rate (depending on whether codons are rare or abundant) for fibroin mRNA translated in a reticulocyte cell-free system.