Levine H G, Langness L L
Am J Ment Defic. 1983 Mar;87(5):528-38.
Setting demands and performance characteristics were compared for mildly mentally retarded and nonretarded basketball players similar in age, playing experience, and general skill level. Observational research was used to study organizational and interactional aspects of competitive games and to record individual and team playing statistics. Self-report questionnaires were administered to assess levels of anxiety. Results show that even though the retarded adults studied were ostensibly playing under "normal" conditions, the games were demonstrably different from those played by nonretarded players in terms of physical setting, rules, coaching, and officiating. Retarded players performed under these conditions with significantly higher levels of anxiety and diminished team effectiveness. The broader consequences of competition in the lives of retarded players was examined.
对年龄、比赛经验和总体技能水平相近的轻度智力迟钝和非智力迟钝篮球运动员的比赛要求和表现特征进行了比较。采用观察性研究来考察竞技比赛的组织和互动方面，并记录个人和团队的比赛数据。通过发放自我报告问卷来评估焦虑水平。结果表明，尽管所研究的智力迟钝成年人表面上是在“正常”条件下比赛，但在场地、规则、教练指导和裁判方面，这些比赛与非智力迟钝运动员的比赛明显不同。在这些条件下，智力迟钝运动员表现出明显更高的焦虑水平，团队效能也有所降低。研究还探讨了比赛对智力迟钝运动员生活更广泛的影响。
