Fanous N
Head Neck Surg. 1983 Mar-Apr;5(4):306-18. doi: 10.1002/hed.2890050406.
Training in esthetic surgery focuses on correcting crooked noses, wrinkled skin, bald scalps, and other unsightly facial structures. However, little importance is placed upon facial expressions--eg, "weak," "serious," "feminine," etc. Surgeons have discovered, through experience, that a recessed chin gives one a "dumb" expression, that a drooping nose denotes an "aging" expression, and that baggy eyelids confer a "tired" expression; yet few efforts have been made to study this area in more depth. This article explores the field of facial expression and its place in facial esthetic surgery.