Flechel B, Hofmann N
Z Hautkr. 1983 May 15;58(10):711-20.
Microscopic studies on human spermatozoa with the Normarski technique showed, that duplicate spermatozoa are mostly built by conjugation of two or even more complete spermatozoa, and not by any partial duplication of spermatozoa. This phenomenon is originated in the course of spermatogenesis:spermiogenesis by incomplete division of germ cells, which could be demonstrated by the results of histological studies on testicular tissue specimens. In cases of isolated syndrome of conjoined spermatozoa, incomplete divisions were found at the spermatogenial level already; in cases of acquired syndromes the incomplete divisions were found at the level of spermatids. In these conditions, varicocele, orchipathy and exfoliative disorders of spermatogenesis/spermiogenesis due to genital infections were the predominant diseases; severe "toxic" damages of germinal epithelium were found as well.
运用诺马斯基技术对人类精子进行的微观研究表明，双精子大多是由两个甚至更多完整精子结合而成，而非精子的任何部分复制。这种现象起源于精子发生过程：精子形成过程中生殖细胞不完全分裂，睾丸组织标本的组织学研究结果可以证明这一点。在孤立性双精子综合征病例中，在精原细胞水平就已发现不完全分裂；在后天性综合征病例中，在精子细胞水平发现不完全分裂。在这些情况下，精索静脉曲张、睾丸疾病以及由于生殖器感染导致的精子发生/精子形成的脱落性紊乱是主要疾病；也发现了生精上皮的严重“毒性”损伤。
