Shortcomings of alternative techniques for the assessment of acute toxicity.

Relatively little work has been done on the development of cell culture and other models to assess the acute toxicity of chemicals. Many of the present shortcomings have already been addressed in earlier presentations but will be summarized by the author. The parameters necessary for an appropriate model of acute toxicity will be discussed and the difference between testing for specific and general effects will be highlighted. Some possible future research directions and research needs will be discussed.