Local and systemic effects of tetrodotoxin on the formation and elimination of synapses in reinnervated adult rat muscle.

1. Polyneuronal innervation of normal and reinnervated fourth deep lumbrical muscle fibres was studied with tension measurements and intracellular recordings. From the tenth day after a complete crush of the muscle nerve, some of the reinnervated muscles were completely paralysed for up to 15 days by local application of tetrodotoxin (TTX) to the sciatic nerve. Other animals received only systemic infusion of TTX during the muscle reinnervation.2. Measurements of tetanic-tension overlap suggested that about 6% of the muscle fibres in the normal lumbrical muscle were polyneuronally innervated, while intracellular recordings suggested that the percentage was as high as 25%. This discrepancy was mainly due to the presence of one small, sub-threshold end-plate potential (e.p.p.) and one large, suprathreshold e.p.p. in almost all polyneuronally innervated muscle fibres.3. Intracellular recordings during muscle reinnervation showed that the extent of polyneuronal innervation reached a maximum of 50% 10-15 days after denervation and that by 16-20 days this had decreased to a level similar to that found in normal muscle.4. After a week of total muscle paralysis the extent of polyneuronal innervation had increased to about 80%, estimated by both tension measurements and intracellular recordings. Subsequently, there was no sign of any net elimination of the polyneuronal innervation, even in muscles paralysed for up to two weeks. Many of the polyneuronally innervated fibres were innervated by at least two motor axons. each producing suprathreshold e.p.p.s.5. In muscles contralateral to the paralysed muscles, the extent of polyneuronal innervation reached a maximum of 50% 10-15 days after denervation as in reinnervated muscles not exposed to TTX. But in contrast to the subsequent decrease in the extent of polyneuronal innervation in animals which received no TTX, this level of polyneuronal innervation persisted in muscles contralateral to the paralysed muscles. The same was true for reinnervated muscles in animals which only received TTX systemically.6. The increased level of polyneuronal innervation after TTX application was not caused by differences in the number of motor units or in number of muscle fibres.7. Paralysed muscles relaxed much more slowly than non-paralysed muscles at the end of a fused tetanic contraction. The tetanus/twitch ratio of these muscles was also smaller than in contralateral control muscles and the rise time of the twitch was greater.8. It is concluded that a substantial fraction of the fibres in the normal lumbrical muscle of young rats is polyneuronally innervated. After reinnervation, the normal innervation pattern is re-established, but no net elimination of the polyneuronal innervation occurs unless either nerve or muscle or both are active. A net elimination of synapses is also prevented when TTX is present systemically in low concentrations.