Stevens C M
Milbank Mem Fund Q Health Soc. 1981 Winter;59(1):59-88.
The "crisis" of medical malpractice has led to increasing advocacy of abandoning the fault-finding and litigation approaches. Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) afford unique institutional settings for developing alternatives. Explicit contracts between provider-managers and member-patients can allow consumers to determine how risk-prevention-and overall quality-they are willing to invest in. Not just principles of economic efficiency, but also of distributional equity can inform HMO performance-standard contracts; and arbitration may be the best mode for managing disputes arising from them.
医疗事故“危机”导致越来越多的人主张摒弃过错认定和诉讼方式。健康维护组织（HMOs）为开发替代方案提供了独特的制度环境。提供者管理者与会员患者之间的明确合同可以让消费者决定他们愿意在风险预防和整体质量方面投入多少。不仅经济效率原则，而且分配公平原则都可以为HMO绩效标准合同提供参考；仲裁可能是处理由此产生的纠纷的最佳方式。
