Stehouwer D J, Farel P B
Brain Res. 1980 Aug 18;195(2):323-35. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(80)90068-2.
The isolated nervous system of the bullfrog tadpole (Rana catesbeiana or clamitans) spontaneously exhibits patterned motoneuronal discharges which are the basis for swimming. In vitro recordings from the ventral roots showed that motoneurons on one side of the cord burst in alternation with those on the other side. On each side of the cord, motoneuron bursts occurred in synchrony the entire length of the cord. Patterned activity was found only in the medial motoneurons which innervate the muscles used for swimming. Lateral motoneurons innervating the limbs exhibited unpatterned bursting. The pattern generating mechanism is distributed along the length of the spinal cord. Proprioceptive information entering via the dorsal roots is not necessary for generation of the basic pattern of alternating activity, but interacts with the centrally generated pattern to produce a rostrocaudal lag of activity. These results are compared to those found using the dogfish and possible ontogenetic complications discussed.
牛蛙蝌蚪（牛蛙或绿蛙）的离体神经系统会自发地表现出有规律的运动神经元放电，这是游泳的基础。从腹根进行的体外记录显示，脊髓一侧的运动神经元与另一侧的运动神经元交替爆发放电。在脊髓的每一侧，运动神经元的爆发放电在脊髓全长范围内同步发生。有规律的活动仅在支配游泳所用肌肉的内侧运动神经元中发现。支配四肢的外侧运动神经元表现出无规律的爆发放电。模式生成机制沿脊髓长度分布。通过背根传入的本体感觉信息对于交替活动基本模式的产生并非必需，但会与中枢产生的模式相互作用，以产生头尾方向的活动延迟。将这些结果与使用角鲨所得到的结果进行了比较，并讨论了可能的个体发育复杂性。
