Shephard R J
Ann Hum Biol. 1980 Jan-Feb;7(1):1-28. doi: 10.1080/03014468000004011.
Population measurements of human physical working capacity are reviewed. Problems of technique include an appropriate sample size, allowance of sampling bias, selection of an appropriate criterion of working capacity, and standardization of test methodology. The impact of constitution has been studied in terms of overall variance of data, frequencies of genetic markers, and twin sibling studies. Environmental experiments have compared similar races in different environments and vice versa. Athletes have been examined as examples of a combined genotypic and phenotypic response. Adaptations to the environment include adverse climate (extremes of heat, cold, rain and drought), hilly terrain and extreme high altitudes; an enhanced working capacity in hilly districts and circumpolar regions probably reflects vigorous daily activity. Socio-economic determinants of working capacity include nutrition, family size, chronic disease, and daily activity. Population differences in the course of growth and ageing seem to reflect differences of nutrition and daily activity. Population scientists have yet to define clearly the relative importance of phenotypic and genotypic adaptation in the development of working capacity; however, studies arising from the International Biological Programme have made valuable contributions to both test methodology and the understanding of interactions between man and his environment.
本文综述了对人类体力工作能力的人群测量。技术问题包括合适的样本量、抽样偏差的考量、工作能力适当标准的选择以及测试方法的标准化。已从数据的总体方差、遗传标记的频率和双胞胎研究等方面研究了体质的影响。环境实验比较了不同环境中的相似种族，反之亦然。运动员被作为基因型和表型联合反应的例子进行了研究。对环境的适应包括恶劣气候（酷热、严寒、降雨和干旱极端情况）、山地地形和极高海拔；山区和极地地区工作能力的增强可能反映了日常活动的活跃。工作能力的社会经济决定因素包括营养、家庭规模、慢性病和日常活动。生长和衰老过程中的人群差异似乎反映了营养和日常活动的差异。人口科学家尚未明确界定表型和基因型适应在工作能力发展中的相对重要性；然而，国际生物学计划开展的研究对测试方法以及对人与环境相互作用的理解都做出了宝贵贡献。
