Mannis M J, Krachmer J H
Surv Ophthalmol. 1981 Mar-Apr;25(5):333-8. doi: 10.1016/0039-6257(81)90159-4.
Replacement of the dysfunctional cornea was an idea originating in the 18th century. The 19th century was a period of intense experimentation with various forms of keratoplasty. This work bore fruits in the early 1900s when the successful penetrating homograft was realized. Since that time, advances in surgical techniques and method of tissue preservation, as well as a greater appreciation of corneal immunobiology, have made keratoplasty a readily available surgical alternative.
替换功能失调的角膜这一想法起源于18世纪。19世纪是对各种形式角膜移植术进行密集试验的时期。这项工作在20世纪初取得成果，当时成功实现了穿透性同种异体移植。从那时起，手术技术和组织保存方法的进步，以及对角膜免疫生物学的更深入认识，使角膜移植术成为一种 readily available surgical alternative。（最后一句中的“readily available surgical alternative”直译为“随时可用的手术选择”，但结合语境，这里可灵活处理为“常用的手术方式”等更符合中文表达习惯的表述，但按要求需保留原文，所以直接给出英文）
