Niyogi S K
Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1980 Sep;1(3):249-64. doi: 10.1097/00000433-198009000-00011.
The development of forensic toxicology in the United States is reviewed from colonial times. Medical education started expanding after Independence, but no program in medical jurisprudence existed until 1804, when Dr. James S. Stringham initiated such a teaching program at Columbia University in New York City. Since then, instruction in medical jurisprudence has become more or less a part of the medical school's curriculum. Little has been written in the field of toxicology in contrast to overall European development. With the availability of contributions from European and British authors, the development of chemical toxicology in this country started to take shape, with significant progress occurring after the Civil War. The original contributions in toxicology were done by Drs. Wormley, Reese, and Witthaus. The faults of the coroner system led its replacement in Massachusetts with the office of medical examiner in 1877. The Chief Medical Examiner's Office of New York started functioning in 1918 and a toxicology laboratory was founded under the direction of Dr. Alexander Gettler, whose students spread the ideas of toxicology throughout the country. This institution is regarded as the birthplace of American forensic toxicology. Other significant events include the formation of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences after World War II and the establishment of the American Board of Forensic Toxicology in 1975; both have contributed greatly to the development of forensic toxicology in the United States.
本文回顾了美国从殖民时期以来法医毒理学的发展历程。独立后医学教育开始扩张，但直到1804年才有了法医学课程，当时詹姆斯·S·斯特林厄姆博士在纽约市的哥伦比亚大学启动了这样一个教学项目。从那时起，法医学教学或多或少成为了医学院课程的一部分。与欧洲整体发展相比，毒理学领域的相关著述较少。随着欧洲和英国作者作品的出现，该国化学毒理学的发展开始成形，在内战后取得了重大进展。毒理学的原创贡献由沃姆利博士、里斯博士和维特豪斯博士做出。验尸官制度的缺陷导致其于1877年在马萨诸塞州被法医办公室取代。纽约首席法医办公室于1918年开始运作，在亚历山大·格特勒博士的指导下建立了一个毒理学实验室，他的学生将毒理学理念传播到了全国各地。这个机构被视为美国法医毒理学的发源地。其他重大事件包括二战后美国法医科学学会的成立以及1975年美国法医毒理学委员会的设立；这两者都为美国法医毒理学的发展做出了巨大贡献。
