Cash P
N Engl J Med. 1981 Oct 29;305(18):1033-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198110293051801.
In 1780 and 1781, amidst war, revolution, and the building of a nation, Massachusetts experienced a burst of institutional creativity. Out of this came the Boston and Massachusetts medical societies. These societies succeeded in bringing together Boston's diversified and contentious medical men (old and new, Whig and Tory) into an institutionalized and more professionally conscious community of physicians. The Boston Medical Society had a direct role in the founding of the Massachusetts Medical Society and an indirect role in the founding of the Harvard Medical School. The three major early goals of the Massachusetts Medical Society were to examine candidates for medical practice, to promote and disseminate medical and scientific knowledge, and to achieve a sense of collegiality and good will among its members. Boston's physicians during the Revolution benefited greatly from the presence of French military doctors.
1780年和1781年，在战争、革命和国家建设的背景下，马萨诸塞州经历了一阵机构创新热潮。由此诞生了波士顿医学协会和马萨诸塞州医学协会。这些协会成功地将波士顿多样化且充满争议的医学人士（新老成员、辉格党人和托利党人）聚集在一起，形成了一个制度化且更具职业意识的医生群体。波士顿医学协会在马萨诸塞州医学协会的创立中发挥了直接作用，在哈佛医学院的创立中发挥了间接作用。马萨诸塞州医学协会早期的三个主要目标是审查医学从业者候选人、促进和传播医学及科学知识，以及在其成员之间营造一种 collegiality 和善意的氛围。革命期间波士顿的医生们因法国军医的存在而受益匪浅。
