Smith B E, Weinberg B, Feth L L, Horii Y
J Speech Hear Res. 1978 Jun;21(2):240-9. doi: 10.1044/jshr.2102.240.
Audiotape recordings of sustained vowels produced by nine esophageal speakers were subjected to acoustic and perceptual analysis. Results indicated that (1) the magnitude of vocal jitter present in the vowels was substantially larger than that observed in normal speakers and speakers with laryngeal/vocal disturbance, (2) listeners could reliably rate the severity of vocal roughness in the vowels, (3) voices of esophageal speakers were characterized by varying degrees of vocal roughness, and (4) mean fundamental frequency, mean jitter, or jitter ratio measures did not serve as useful predictors of the perceived severity of vocal roughness. These findings are interpreted to suggest that the mechanism esophageal speakers employ to regulate fundamental frequency is substantially different from that employed by normal speakers and that the identity of physical variables underlying the perception of roughness severity in naturally produced human speech is not well understood.
对九位食管发声者发出的持续元音的录音进行了声学和感知分析。结果表明：（1）元音中存在的嗓音抖动幅度明显大于正常发声者和有喉部/嗓音障碍的发声者；（2）听众能够可靠地对元音中嗓音粗糙程度进行评分；（3）食管发声者的嗓音具有不同程度的粗糙特征；（4）平均基频、平均抖动或抖动率测量值并不能有效预测嗓音粗糙程度的感知严重性。这些发现表明，食管发声者调节基频的机制与正常发声者有很大不同，而且对于自然产生的人类语音中粗糙度严重程度感知背后的物理变量的特性还没有很好的理解。
