Cosman M P
Ann Plast Surg. 1982 Feb;8(2):152-62. doi: 10.1097/00000637-198202000-00009.
Medical third-party intervention was a venerable medieval tradition. Fifteenth century London's medical malpractice legislation and court cases contained forms of peer review, compulsory consultation for critical cases, and a malpractice insurance "floater" policy for conditions likely to lead to death, maiming, or accusations of malpractice. A four-part Latin document from 1415 and a few earlier and later manuscript rules demonstrate the role of politics in medical ethics; civil enforcement of surgical guild regulations; and ingenious forms of protection for patient, practitioner, the surgical profession, and the English citizenry. Pairing compulsory consultation with malpractice insurance policies for high-risk cases offers inspiration for alleviating some modern malpractice perils.
医疗第三方干预是一项古老的中世纪传统。15世纪伦敦的医疗事故立法和法庭案件包含同行评审形式、危急病例的强制会诊，以及针对可能导致死亡、致残或医疗事故指控情况的医疗事故保险“流动”政策。一份1415年的四部分拉丁文件以及一些更早和更晚的手稿规则展示了政治在医学伦理中的作用；外科行会规定的民事执行；以及对患者、从业者、外科行业和英国公民的巧妙保护形式。将强制会诊与高风险病例的医疗事故保险政策相结合，为缓解一些现代医疗事故风险提供了启示。
