Stimulus and response contingencies in the misbehavior of rats.

Misbehavior by rats, in the form of unnecessary and species-typical pawing, nosing, carrying, chewing, and retrieving a rolling ball bearing, was produced by pairing the ball bearing with food (Pavlovian procedure, Experiments 1 and 2) or by requiring contact with the ball bearing for food (operant procedure, Experiments 4 and 5). Misbehavior occurred both before and after eating the food pellet. The frequency, complexity, and duration of pre-pellet misbehavior was increased by delay of food until after the ball bearing exited (or was programmed to exit) and by requiring contact with the bearing to obtain food. Alternative goal-directed behavior, in the form of nosing, gnawing, and licking the food tray, occurred in Pavlovian contingencies in which food was delivered before the bearing was programmed to exit. Post-pellet misbehavior tended to occur when food was delivered before the bearing was programmed to exit and, in the case of required contact, before the animal released the bearing. Omission of food delivery on contact reduced the duration, complexity, and frequency of misbehavior, though experienced animals continued to contact (Experiment 3). In general, misbehavior was affected by both stimulus- and response-reward contingencies but showed characteristic organization and topography under both types of contingency.