Manogue K R, Nottebohm F
J Comp Neurol. 1982 Feb 1;204(4):384-91. doi: 10.1002/cne.902040409.
The locations of brainstem motor nuclei supplying efferents to organs of the vocal tract of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) were determined as a first step in describing brain pathways for vocal control in this species. We identified four major nerves supplying the muscles of the syrinx, larynx, and tongue, and separately treated each of these with horseradish peroxidase. Nerves supplying efferents to the larynx and tongue arise from ipsilateral cells in the nucleus ambiguus and hypoglossal nucleus, respectively. Each right and left half of the syrinx is supplied by both right and left halves of the hypoglossal nucleus, via axons crossing in the common anastomosis of the tracheosyringeal nerves. This bilateral innervation of the syrinx will allow testing for central asymmetries of dominance for vocal control in the absence of any underlying anatomical laterality in the periphery.
作为描述虎皮鹦鹉（Melopsittacus undulatus）声带控制脑通路的第一步，确定了向其声道器官提供传出神经的脑干运动核的位置。我们识别出四条主要神经，它们分别支配鸣管、喉部和舌头的肌肉，并分别用辣根过氧化物酶处理这些神经。支配喉部和舌头传出神经的神经分别起源于疑核和舌下神经核的同侧细胞。鸣管的左右两半均由舌下神经核的左右两半通过气管鸣管神经共同吻合处的轴突交叉来支配。鸣管的这种双侧神经支配将使得在周围没有任何潜在解剖学上的偏侧性的情况下，能够测试声带控制中优势的中枢不对称性。
