Park D C, Puglisi J T, Lutz R
J Gerontol. 1982 May;37(3):330-5. doi: 10.1093/geronj/37.3.330.
College students and elderly adults were presented with drawings for study that were placed on the left or right side of a photographic slide. Persons in the items-only condition studied only the target drawings, whereas persons in the items-position condition studied both the target drawing and its location to determine whether intentionality affected picture recognition or position recall. Half of the drawings were presented with an irrelevant adjacent drawing to assess the effect of presenting the target item relative to another drawing. The principal finding was that, although special memory was well above chance, the Hasher and Zack's criteria for automatic processing of this dimension were not met. Specifically, an age-related decline in spatial memory was observed, and intentionality to learn position affected item recognition and position recall. It was also found that older persons' memory for position was enhanced by the irrelevant drawings. Results are discussed primarily in terms of the Hasher and Zacks model of automatic processing and possible encoding strategies utilized by the elderly.
向大学生和老年人展示用于研究的图画，这些图画被放置在幻灯片的左侧或右侧。仅呈现物品条件下的参与者只研究目标图画，而物品-位置条件下的参与者既研究目标图画及其位置，以确定意向性是否会影响图片识别或位置回忆。一半的图画与一幅不相关的相邻图画一起呈现，以评估呈现目标物品相对于另一幅图画的效果。主要发现是，尽管特殊记忆远高于随机水平，但哈希和扎克关于这一维度自动加工的标准并未得到满足。具体而言，观察到空间记忆存在与年龄相关的衰退，学习位置的意向性会影响物品识别和位置回忆。还发现不相关的图画增强了老年人对位置的记忆。结果主要根据哈希和扎克斯的自动加工模型以及老年人可能采用的编码策略进行讨论。
