Stewart J R, Greenfield L J
Surg Clin North Am. 1982 Jun;62(3):411-30. doi: 10.1016/s0039-6109(16)42734-9.
The diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism can be made accurately using angiographic and radioisotopic techniques. Utilizing hemodynamic data, it is possible to classify patients with pulmonary embolism into five groups, which is helpful for planning therapy and assessing prognosis. Surgery for pulmonary embolism has evolved to include intraluminal methods of vena caval filtration for prevention of recurrent pulmonary embolism and transvenous extraction of pulmonary emboli. Though the majority of patients surviving pulmonary embolism can be managed medically with anticoagulation, a significant number will require surgical intervention. The development of transvenous methods allows effective emergency management of major pulmonary embolism, even in hospitals that do not have the capability for cardiopulmonary bypass.
使用血管造影和放射性同位素技术可以准确诊断深静脉血栓形成或肺栓塞。利用血流动力学数据，可将肺栓塞患者分为五组，这有助于规划治疗和评估预后。肺栓塞的手术已发展到包括腔静脉滤过的腔内方法以预防复发性肺栓塞和经静脉取出肺栓子。虽然大多数肺栓塞存活患者可以通过抗凝进行药物治疗，但仍有相当数量的患者需要手术干预。经静脉方法的发展使得即使在没有体外循环能力的医院也能对主要肺栓塞进行有效的紧急处理。
