"Semantic" and "acoustic" errors of aphasic and schizophrenic patients in a sound-picture matching task.

Broca's aphasics, Wernicke's aphasics, brain-damaged patients without aphasia, and chronic schizophrenics were tested on a task to match meaningful sounds to one of four pictures. One of the depicted objects was the natural source of the sound, one was an object belonging to the same semantic category as the correct object, one was an object producing acoustically similar sounds as the correct object, and one was an object not related either semantically or acoustically to the correct object. In one item set the "semantic" distractors produced a sound completely different from the presented one; in another item set the "semantic" distractors made practically no specific sounds at all. Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics were shown to have significantly higher total error scores than brain-damaged patients without aphasia and to make significantly more "semantic" errors only on the first item set and "acoustic" errors on both item sets than the brain-damaged patients without aphasia. However, after correcting for guessing the differences between groups with respect to "semantic" and "acoustic" errors vanished. The aphasics' difficulties in coping with the sound-picture matching task might be difficulties in processing the acoustic dimensions of the items. It is, however, suggested that the impairment is not perceptual but of the cognitive kind repeatedly demonstrated in tasks which require the analytic extraction of features of the stimulus or of the concept represented by the stimulus.