Siebert J R
J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol. 1982;1(4):381-9.
Deficiencies of the ethmoid and embryologically related bones of the anterior cranium have been observed in patients with abnormalities in development or placement of the orbits and eyes, nose, upper lip, mouth, and palate. Although these facial anomalies are commonly associated with holoprosencephaly, they may occur in other syndromes or as isolated cases with normocephaly. Such facial alterations represent the consequences of aberrant migration of tissues into the region normally occupied by the ethmoid bone, beginning early in the sixth week of gestation. The subtle interplay of forces involved in the normal development of the median face appears to be mediated by the ethmoid bone. This interaction may be perceived by dividing the ethmoid bone into three functional components which correspond to and operate in each of the major anatomic planes.
在患有眼眶和眼睛、鼻子、上唇、嘴巴及腭部发育或位置异常的患者中，已观察到筛骨及前颅与胚胎学相关骨骼的缺陷。尽管这些面部异常通常与前脑无裂畸形相关，但它们也可能发生于其他综合征中，或作为头型正常的孤立病例出现。此类面部改变代表了组织在妊娠第6周早期开始异常迁移至通常由筛骨占据区域的后果。中面部正常发育所涉及的力量之间的微妙相互作用似乎由筛骨介导。通过将筛骨分为三个功能成分，可以察觉到这种相互作用，这三个功能成分分别对应于每个主要解剖平面并在其中发挥作用。
