Weintraub M
Nouv Presse Med. 1982 Oct 14;11(40):3003-5.
A number of difficulties and bias are known to make difficult the establishment of the relation cause/effect of side effects. Five sources of difficulty can be identified: the patient, the disease, the drug, the doctor, the studies and data available on side effects of drugs and which are used either as a model or to decide whether a side effect has occurred or not in a patient. All these difficulties and bias must be taken into account when attributing side effects of drugs.
已知有许多困难和偏差使得确定副作用的因果关系变得困难。可以确定五个困难来源：患者、疾病、药物、医生以及有关药物副作用的现有研究和数据，这些研究和数据既用作模型，也用于判断患者是否出现副作用。在归因药物副作用时，必须考虑所有这些困难和偏差。
