Burgess J W, McMurphy D
Dev Psychobiol. 1982 Nov;15(6):557-67. doi: 10.1002/dev.420150607.
The patterns of distances maintained between 30 children and 15 adult caretakers were measured to determine developmental trends in children's patterns of interpersonal spacing toward adults and playmates. Children's positions during free play were photographed at 60-sec intervals and analyzed with a computer to determine the mean distances children maintained toward their 1st through 5th nearest adult caretakers and toward their 1st through 5th nearest playmates. Children's distances from adults increased with age, while distances from playmates and spatial variability decreased with age. Only infants (6-18 months) stayed significantly close to any of their adult caretakers; toddlers (19-27 months) and preschoolers (30-60 months) avoided proximity to their 3rd through 5th nearest adult caretakers more than could be expected by chance. All age groups significantly avoided proximity to their 4th and 5th nearest playmates; avoidance of playmates' space decreased with age.
测量了30名儿童与15名成人照顾者之间保持的距离模式，以确定儿童与成人及玩伴的人际空间模式的发展趋势。在自由玩耍期间，每隔60秒对儿童的位置进行拍照，并通过计算机进行分析，以确定儿童与他们的第1至第5近的成人照顾者以及与他们的第1至第5近的玩伴之间保持的平均距离。儿童与成人的距离随年龄增长而增加，而与玩伴的距离和空间变异性随年龄增长而减小。只有婴儿（6 - 18个月）会显著靠近他们的任何一位成人照顾者；幼儿（19 - 27个月）和学龄前儿童（30 - 60个月）比偶然预期的更多地避免靠近他们的第3至第5近的成人照顾者。所有年龄组都显著避免靠近他们的第4和第5近的玩伴；对玩伴空间的避免随年龄增长而减少。
