Redd W H
Br J Clin Psychol. 1982 Nov;21 (Pt 4):351-8. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1982.tb00572.x.
During the course of cancer treatment behavioural symptoms such as gagging, coughing and vomiting often develop in the absence of apparent tissue damage. Moreover, symptoms whose onsets are clearly related to disease processes often continue after the disease has been eliminated. The reported research incorporated time-series analyses of patients' behavioural symptoms and assessments of behavioural interventions involving the modification of nurse--patient and family--patient interactions. Results showed that: (1) inadvertent social reinforcement by hospital staff and family members fosters the development of behavioural symptoms; (2) personnel associated with treatment can become discriminative stimuli for social attention and thereby evoke symptom behaviours; and (3) by modifying the social reinforcement contingencies associated with treatment protocols, the frequency of psychosomatic symptoms can be reduced without changing the quality of medical/nursing care and social interaction.
在癌症治疗过程中，诸如作呕、咳嗽和呕吐等行为症状常常在没有明显组织损伤的情况下出现。此外，那些发作明显与疾病进程相关的症状，在疾病消除后往往仍会持续。所报道的研究纳入了对患者行为症状的时间序列分析，以及对涉及改变护士与患者、家属与患者互动的行为干预措施的评估。结果显示：（1）医院工作人员和家庭成员不经意间给予的社会强化会促使行为症状的发展；（2）与治疗相关的人员会成为引起社会关注的辨别性刺激因素，从而引发症状行为；（3）通过改变与治疗方案相关的社会强化意外情况，在不改变医疗/护理质量和社会互动的情况下，可以降低心身症状的发生频率。
