Szpila K, Koczyński A
Probl Med Wieku Rozwoj. 1982;11:83-96.
The x-ray investigations are performed in every case of urolithiasis. The basic ones are plain films of abdomen, urography and voiding cystourethrography. These investigations do not establish the type of lithiasis, particularly in cases of mixed stones. A visualization of concrements on a plain film depends on the absorption coefficient of x-rays. There is a close connection between radiological morphology and chemical composition as well as structure of concrements. A precise determination of phase composition of stones and their structure is possible only in the indirect investigations, i.e. after concrements' extirpation. X-ray structural methods, infrared spectrometric method, thermal and optical ones in polarization light belong to indirect inquires. The diffractograms are a consequence of x-ray structural analysis. A comparison of them with specimens allows for identification of every crystallic substance. The principle of the infrared spectrometry is a selective absorption of infrared rays in substances of different chemical structures. A comparison of infrared absorption spectrum with specimens allows for identification of some substances. An advantage of this method is its high sensibility and the possibility to perform on a small quantity of substratum (1 mg). An optical method facilitates a microscopic observation of a thin plate of stone (0,02 mm) in the polarization passing light appropriate to qualify the basic optical properties of minerals. It is possible to see the inside of concrements in the relatively big magnification without destruction of its primary structure. The recognition of the main and subordinate components in renal stones is possible through the use of at least several very precise methods, from which x-ray structural analysis, optical and infrared absorption are of main importance.
对每一例尿石症患者均进行X线检查。基本检查包括腹部平片、尿路造影和排尿性膀胱尿道造影。这些检查无法确定结石的类型，尤其是在混合结石的情况下。腹部平片上结石的显影取决于X线的吸收系数。结石的放射学形态与化学成分以及结构之间存在密切联系。只有在间接检查中，即结石摘除后，才能精确确定结石的相组成及其结构。X线结构分析法、红外光谱法、热分析法和偏光下的光学分析法属于间接检查方法。衍射图是X线结构分析的结果。将其与标本进行比较可识别每种晶体物质。红外光谱法的原理是不同化学结构的物质对红外线的选择性吸收。将红外吸收光谱与标本进行比较可识别某些物质。该方法的优点是灵敏度高，且可对少量样品（1毫克）进行检测。光学方法有助于在偏光透射光下对结石薄片（0.02毫米）进行显微镜观察，以确定矿物的基本光学性质。在不破坏结石原始结构的情况下，可以相对较大的放大倍数观察结石内部。通过使用至少几种非常精确的方法，包括X线结构分析、光学分析和红外吸收分析，识别肾结石的主要和次要成分是可能的，其中X线结构分析、光学分析和红外吸收分析最为重要。
