McIntosh J L, Santos J F
Suicide Life Threat Behav. 1982 Winter;12(4):221-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1943-278x.1982.tb00710.x.
Suicide rates vary greatly by sex and race but the methods employed by these groups and changes in those methods have been studied neither closely nor systematically across time. In the present study annual official national statistics for specific methods of suicide by sex and racial group from 1923 to 1978 were examined. During this time period shifts were found among groups in the proportions of various suicide methods employed, most notably for women and Asian-Americans. Generally, firearm use increased among nearly all ethnic/racial-sex groups while the use of poisons declined. Although women continue to be more likely than men to kill themselves with solid and liquid poisons, in very recent years firearms have become a more common method. Among Japanese- and Chinese-Americans of both sexes the most frequently employed method has been hanging. Although this is still the case, the proportions have declined over time while the use of firearms has increased. Explanations are offered for the noted changes in method choice with particular attention being given to acculturation and changing societal roles.
自杀率因性别和种族的不同而有很大差异，但这些群体采用的自杀方式以及这些方式随时间的变化，既没有得到密切的研究，也没有进行系统的研究。在本研究中，我们查阅了1923年至1978年按性别和种族群体划分的特定自杀方式的年度官方全国统计数据。在此期间，发现不同群体在使用各种自杀方式的比例上存在变化，最明显的是女性和亚裔美国人。一般来说，几乎所有种族/性别群体使用枪支自杀的情况增加，而使用毒药自杀的情况减少。尽管女性使用固体和液体毒药自杀的可能性仍然高于男性，但近年来枪支已成为更常见的自杀方式。在日裔和华裔美国人中，无论男女，最常用的自杀方式一直是上吊。虽然情况仍然如此，但随着时间的推移，上吊的比例有所下降，而使用枪支自杀的情况有所增加。我们对自杀方式选择上的显著变化给出了解释，特别关注了文化适应和社会角色的变化。
