Thomson E M, Forsling M L, Thompson G E
Pflugers Arch. 1980 Feb;383(3):241-4. doi: 10.1007/BF00587525.
Total body water, water intake, urine output, milk yield, plasma, milk and urine osmolality and plasma arginine vasopressin concentration were measured in goats exposed to thermoneutral (20 degrees C) and cold (0-1.0 degrees C) environments for 24 h. Cold exposure caused the animals to reduce their water intake substantially. This was accompanied by a decrease in total body water and an increase in osmolality of plasma and milk. The output of urine decreased as cold exposure progressed but free water clearance by the kidney was not significantly different in thermoneutral and cold environments and cold exposure had no effect on circulating arginine vasopressin concentration. Milk yield was reduced by cold exposure and it is suggested that the reduced net movement of water from blood to milk is partly a consequence of the dehydration induced by cold exposure and that this, in turn, is due primarily to a decrease in water intake with no effective renal compensation.
对暴露于热中性环境（20摄氏度）和寒冷环境（0至1.0摄氏度）24小时的山羊，测量了其总体水、水摄入量、尿量、产奶量、血浆、乳汁和尿液的渗透压以及血浆精氨酸加压素浓度。寒冷暴露使动物大幅减少水摄入量。这伴随着总体水减少以及血浆和乳汁渗透压升高。随着寒冷暴露时间延长，尿量减少，但在热中性和寒冷环境下肾脏的自由水清除率无显著差异，且寒冷暴露对循环精氨酸加压素浓度无影响。寒冷暴露使产奶量降低，提示从血液到乳汁的水净移动减少部分是寒冷暴露所致脱水的结果，而这又主要是由于水摄入量减少且肾脏无有效代偿。
