Newton B J
Dev Psychobiol. 1982 May;15(3):211-20. doi: 10.1002/dev.420150305.
Small mammals subjected to early stress show decreased aggression and emotionality, accelerated rates of maturation, and increased sexual activity, affiliation, and size. The purpose of this experiment was to test the phyletic generality of this phenomenon using fish (Poecilia reticulata) and, also, to control for the sensitivity of the measures, to determine if controls for both water quality and rearing-testing conditions might produce different effects than have previously been reported for fish, and to see in what respects the effects of isolation and crowding are similar to those generally found in mammals. Early-stressed guppies showed reduced aggression, but did not differ from controls on any other measure. Isolated and crowded guppies differed from each other and from the controls on 4 of the 6 measures. Isolated fish matured more rapidly and attained greater adult length than did the controls; the reverse was true for crowded fish. Crowded fish showed higher levels of emotionality than controls, whereas isolates showed lower levels than controls. No differences were noted in affiliation, although crowded fish spent more time in the vicinity of empty stimulus boxes. Crowded fish did not differ from controls in levels of sexual activity or display, but isolated fish showed low levels of sexual activity and high levels of display. These findings suggest that at least part of the early stress phenomenon shown in small mammals may be demonstrated in fish.
遭受早期应激的小型哺乳动物表现出攻击性和情绪性降低、成熟速度加快、性活动、社交行为增加以及体型增大。本实验的目的是使用鱼类（孔雀鱼）来测试这一现象在系统发育上的普遍性，同时控制测量方法的敏感性，以确定水质和饲养 - 测试条件的控制是否会产生与先前报道的鱼类不同的影响，并观察隔离和拥挤的影响在哪些方面与哺乳动物中普遍发现的影响相似。早期应激的孔雀鱼攻击性降低，但在其他任何测量指标上与对照组没有差异。在6项测量指标中的4项上，隔离和拥挤的孔雀鱼彼此之间以及与对照组都存在差异。隔离的鱼比对照组成熟得更快，成年体长也更长；拥挤的鱼则相反。拥挤的鱼比对照组表现出更高的情绪性水平，而隔离的鱼比对照组表现出更低的情绪性水平。在社交行为方面没有观察到差异，尽管拥挤的鱼在空刺激箱附近花费更多时间。拥挤的鱼在性活动或展示水平上与对照组没有差异，但隔离的鱼表现出低水平的性活动和高水平的展示。这些发现表明，小型哺乳动物中所显示的早期应激现象至少部分可能在鱼类中得到体现。
